Application of Enrique Dussel's Aesthetics of Liberation in the analysis of illustrations from Mexico's free textbooks

Paper by Luis Ricardo Ramos Hernández
Abstract: The so-called Fourth Transformation, driven during the presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024), promoted a profound renewal of Mexico's Free Textbooks, shifting from a model based on outsourcing to international publishing houses toward one centered on national pedagogical design. This article presents a critical self-evaluation based on image analysis dimensions grounded in Enrique Dussel's Aesthetics of Liberation (2018). We applied these dimensions to the self-analysis of a selected group of my most representative illustrations created for the new family of Free Textbooks. Through the analysis of five key images, it becomes evident how those incorporating symbolic elements related to local identity, ethnic diversity, collective memory, community creativity, and the reuse of everyday objects succeed in aligning with the fundamental principles of the Aesthetics of Liberation. These dimensions include visual narrative, symbolism, body representation, geographic space, landscape, and articulating culture and knowledge from a decolonial and liberating perspective.
 

Keywords: aesthetics of liberation, Mexico, aesthetic dimensions, aesthetic analysis, free textbooks

 

Download PDF

 

Conclusion

This exercise concludes by recognizing that the Aesthetics of Liberation is a powerful critical and theoretical tool, as well as an ethical and aesthetic orientation that can guide artistic creation—particularly in educational contexts, such as textbooks. This approach enables us to reconsider art—or "poiesis," understood as the act of making or creating—not merely as an aesthetic or decorative product, but as a political, cultural, and pedagogical act with the potential to transform subjectivities and social realities. Through the analysis of the five images, it becomes evident how those illustrations incorporating symbolic elements of local identity, ethnic diversity, collective memory, community creativity, and the reuse of everyday objects align with the fundamental principles of the Aesthetics of Liberation: decolonizing the gaze, making the marginalized visible, recovering ancestral knowledge, and building alternative imaginaries. 

These images teach content and transmit cultural, emotional, and critical values beyond technical or disciplinary expertise. This approach to textbook illustration offers a way to think about education from a more just and inclusive perspective. Images are not merely visual accompaniments; they are active participants in learning and constructing cultural identity. Therefore, when illustrations are selected or designed with a liberating gaze, we promote an education that does not reproduce homogenized, colonial, or commodified models but recognizes and values the country's cultural and social plurality. In terms of its usefulness for artists, this way of thinking can be deeply inspiring and guiding. Although many artists may not have explicitly used the term "Aesthetics of Liberation," many have worked from related practices: the recovery of local myths and symbols, the use of everyday materials, critique of consumerism, and reinterpretation of the popular and cultural resistance through image-making. 

The Aesthetics of Liberation thus provides them with a solid conceptual framework to reflect on their practice, give it political meaning, and situate it within a collective project of social transformation. Moreover, for artists working in educational, editorial, or community-based settings, this approach can help make conscious decisions about what images to create, how to narrate them, and what impact they wish to have on their audience. In this sense, the Aesthetics of Liberation is not only relevant—it is necessary for those who want their art not to reproduce injustice but to contribute to imagining a different, possible world. Ultimately, this exercise has found that the Aesthetics of Liberation is not merely an academic theory but a commitment to engaged, conscious, and transformative art. 

 

REFERENCES 

Alam, M. M. (2013). Banking model of education in teacher-centered class:A critical assessment. Research on humanities and social sciences,3(15), 27-31. https://core.ac.uk/reader/234673640

Arcella, L. (2017). Obsesión por la belleza. Nazismo y cultura alemana: unaopción estética. Historia y espacio, 13 (49), 185-224. https://doi.org/10.25100/hye.v13i49.5853

Bolaños, M. (2024). Hacia una lectura cosmopoética de la Estética de laLiberación. Cuadernos De filosofía, (82). https://doi.org/10.34096/cf.n82.13424

Candela, A. (2022). Los libros de texto gratuitos y el derecho a laeducación. En Educación en movimiento (Vol. 7, No. 1). Boletín de laComisión Nacional para la Mejora Continua de la Educación. https://www.mejoredu.gob.mx/images/publicaciones/boletin-3/Boletin-7-2022.pdf 

DGME. (2024). Múltiples Lenguajes, Primer grado. Dirección General deMateriales Educativos de la SEP.https://libros.conaliteg.gob.mx/2024/P1MLA.htm

 DGME. (2024b). Nuestros saberes: Libro para alumnos, maestros y familia.Primer grado. Dirección General de Materiales Educativos de la SEP. https://libros.conaliteg.gob.mx/2024/P1SDA.htm#page/2 

DGME. (2024c). Nooki ka imï jomeme. Projects and Readings. First Grade.Dirección General de Materiales Educativos de la SEP. https://www.studocu.com/es-mx/document/prepa-en-linea-sep/mi-mundo-en-otra-lengua/1o-primaria-ingles-book/106268100

DOF. (1959, 12 de febrero). Decreto sobre la creación de la CONALITEG.Diario Oficial de la Federación. https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_to_imagen_fs.php?codnota=4577795&fecha=13/02/1959&cod_diario=196156 

DOF. (2019, 30 de septiembre). Ley General de Educación. Diario Oficial dela Federación.https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5573858&fecha=30/09/2019&print=true 

Domínguez, E., & León, C. (1960). Mi cuaderno de trabajo de primer año.Comisión Nacional de los Libros de Texto Gratuitos.

Dussel, E. (2018). Siete hipótesis para una Estética de la Liberación. RevistaAstragalo, 24 (1).https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc46/d3569e485ca0b9fedc461a71a0c196d6fb09.pdf 

Dussel, E. (2023, 17 de diciembre). Descolonización de la enseñanza: Haciauna transformación educativa en América Latina [Video]. Canal Carlos Ometochtzin. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIF-BDhXe6I 

Dussel, E. (2024, 28 de enero). ¿Qué es la descolonización? (Parte I)[Video]. Canal Carlos Ometochtzin.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdNPlVQI19I 

Fuentefría Rodríguez, D. (2022). Fealdad y belleza en las representacionesdel villano en el cine mudo europeo y estadounidense.https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/28642 

Garcia, L. R. (2010). Memoria de elefante para la violencia política. El Hilode la Fabula. https://core.ac.uk/download/158830952.pdf

Giroux, H. A. (1999). Teoría y resistencia en educación: Una pedagogíapara la oposición. Editorial Siglo XXI. 

Illich, I. (2006). La vaca sagrada. En Obras Reunidas. Volumen I. Fondo deCultura Económica, México.

Jeunet, J. P. (2001). El fabuloso destino de Amélie Poulain [Películafrancesa]. IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0211915/

Kandel, E. (2012). The age of insight: The quest to understand theunconscious in art, mind, and brain, from Vienna 1900 to thepresent. Random House.

Khan, M. W. (2023). Empires, Decolonization, and the Canon. In TheRoutledge Companion to Politics and Literature in English (pp. 74-83). Routledge.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003038009-9/empires-decolonization-canon-maryam-wasif-khan 

Leonard, M., & Leonard, M. (1998). Alienation versus Liberation: The Impactof the Informal Economy. Invisible Work, Invisible Workers: TheInformal Economy in Europe and the US, 135-150.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371873_7 

Marcuse, H. (1979). The aesthetic dimension: Toward a critique of Marxist aesthetics (Vol. 595). Beacon Press.

MEJOREDU. (2022). Los libros de texto gratuitos en México: Una historiacompleja. Educación en movimiento, Año 1, Núm. 7.https://www.mejoredu.gob.mx/images/publicaciones/boletin-3/Boletin-7-2022.pdf 

Mora, D. (2009). Pedagogía y didáctica crítica para una educaciónliberadora. Revista Integra Educativa, 2 (1), 25–60.http://www.revistasbolivianas.ciencia.bo/pdf/rieiii/v2n1/n01a03.pdf

Odone, C. (2007). Sobre la visualidad del Chaco: La reproducción y lasensibilidad estética de la cacería en los Andes (siglo XVIII). VI Congreso Chileno deAntropología. Colegio de Antropólogos de Chile AG.https://www.aacademica.org/vi.congreso.chileno.de.antropologia/198.pdf

Peña, F. B. (1996). Praxis y Poiesis en la pedagogía y la didáctica. Lúdica pedagógica, (2).https://revistas.upn.edu.co/index.php/LP/article/download/2681/2529 

Pansarelli, D., & Lima, B. R. (2017). A vida humana e seu modo derealidade: corporabilidade em comunidade. Natureza Humana -Revista Internacional de Filosofia e Psicanálise, 19 (2).https://doi.org/10.59539/2175-2834-v19n2-272 

Ramos Hernández, L. R., & Luna Solano, M. E. (2025). Estética de laLiberación al currículum. Ponencia al Congreso Internacional deEducación Currículum 2025, Tlaxcala.

Rubin, J. (2016). Discovery and insight in art therapy. In Approaches to art therapy (pp. 71–86). Routledge.

Sannino, A., & Ellis, V. (2015). Learning and collective creativity. Routledge.https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203077351&type=googlepdf

SEP. (2019). La Nueva Escuela Mexicana: Principios y orientacionespedagógicas. Secretaría de Educación Pública.https://educacionmediasuperior.sep.gob.mx/work/models/sems/Reso 

Villegas, K. (2007). De la cuestión del ser a la filosofía de la producción: Ellugar de la estética en la obra de Enrique Dussel. Estudios de filosofía práctica e historia de las ideas, (9), 161–168.

Powered By Blogger

Por ejemplo